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Many changes were made during the reign of Haile Selassie I toward the modernization of Ethiopia upon his accession as Emperor (King of Kings) on November 2, 1930, as well as before, beginning from the time he effectively controlled Ethiopia in 1916 as Regent Plenipotentiary, Ras Tafari. ==First Modernization== Many of the details of the modernizations made before the Fascist invasion during the Second Italo–Ethiopian War are written in Haile Selassie I's autobiography, ''My Life and Ethiopia's Progress'' Vol. I (written 1938), particularly in Chapter 12, "About the improvement, by ordinance and proclamation, of internal administration, and about the efforts to allow foreign civilization to enter Ethiopia". Among the efforts of his program as he listed them in this chapter:〔 * Establishment of electrical grids in major cities beginning 1916 * Curbing of hereditary feudal rule of nobility in remote provinces, and substitution of merit-based appointees, from 1917 * Establishment of a military college and the Ethiopia Scout Association movement from 1918 * Establishment of Cabinet Ministries from 1920, based on European models * Revision of Judicial system; appointment of special courts for cases involving foreigners in 1920; outdated punishments mandated in the 500-year-old ''Fetha Nagast'' law code, such as amputation of hands for conviction of theft, made to cease entirely by Imperial Proclamation in 1921; establishment of a modern Criminal Code in 1930. As a result, in Haile Selassie's words, "Justice now took a road that had honour." * Establishment of printing presses from 1921 * Maximum legal interest rate set at 9% in 1921. Usurers had charged up to 30%. * Widespread introduction of cars, motorcycles, trucks and bicycles beginning 1922 * Establishment of modern hospitals in major cities from 1922 * Establishment of foreign language schools in major cities from 1924 * Establishment of a properly maintained system of roads linking cities, beginning about 1925 * Introduction of a national anthem (the ''Marche Tafari'') in 1927 * Establishment of the National Bank of Ethiopia in 1927 * Introduction of airplanes in 1927 * Establishment of Ethiopian embassies and consulates in foreign countries from 1928 * Appointment of five native Ethiopian Orthodox Bishops in 1928. Previously native Ethiopians were never allowed to become bishops by the governing Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, however in discussions, the Emperor won this concession by stressing that "believers in Christ are not such by innate distinctness, but by virtue of conduct." * Abolition of the ''lebasha'' — a backwards superstition where travelling charlatans would claim the ability to find a thief by administering potent drugs to a small boy, and then charging whomever the boy attacked, with theft. "Consequently, there was great rejoicing in every province, as We had protected the people from the iniquities that came upon them in this matter." * Establishment of the 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia, Ethiopia's first modern-style Constitution * Establishment of telephone and wireless services throughout Ethiopia from 1931 * Establishment of a modern prison facility in 1932 Modernization was temporarily interrupted in 1935 following the invasion of Ethiopia by fascist Italy, eventually culminating in the Second World War. As the Emperor himself noted in his ''Introduction to Volume I'', "We were particularly convinced, by the policies directed against Us, that the enemy's heart was stricken with envy at Our setting up a constitution to strengthen and to consolidate Ethiopia's unity, at Our opening schools for boys and girls, at Our building hospitals in which Our people's health was to be safeguarded, as well as at all sorts of other initiatives of Ours by which Ethiopia's independence would be affirmed, not only in terms of history but in actual fact." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modernization under Haile Selassie I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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